Publications

Publications are organized below by year. For an overview of the lab’s main research areas, see the project pages linked below:

Cybersickness Research: measurement, individual differences, tolerance, adaptation, mitigation, and recovery in immersive virtual reality.
Navigation and Spatial Cognition: cue integration, spatial memory, reference frames, prior knowledge, decision processes, and space perception in navigation.
Locomotion Interfaces for Virtual Reality: teleporting, VR movement interfaces, spatial learning, disorientation, and cybersickness.

2025 & In Press

Kelly, J. W., Doty, T. A., Dorneich, M. C., & Gilbert S. B. (in press). Cybersickness abatement from repeated exposure generalizes across experiences. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.
Fieffer, S. J., Gilbert S. B., Dorneich, M. C., Kelly, J. W., & Liu, J. (in press). Extending motion complexity reduction with eye gaze data to evaluate cybersickness. 2026 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW).
Fieffer, S. J., Kelly, J. W., Dorneich, M. C., & Gilbert, S. B. (in press). The effect of video game history components on virtual and motion sickness susceptibility. Displays.
Doty, T. A., Kelly, J. W., Gilbert, S. B., & Dorneich, M. C. (2025). Cybersickness abatement from repeated exposure to VR with reduced discomfort. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 31(9), 5910-5921.
Kelly, J. W., Doty, T. A., Gilbert S. B., & Dorneich, M. C. (2025). Field of view restriction and snap turning as cybersickness mitigation tools. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 31(9), 5704-5712.
Sanaei, M., Gilbert, S. B., Perron, A. J., Dorneich, M. C., & Kelly, J. W. (2025). An examination of scene complexity’s role in cybersickness. Ergonomics, 68(10), 1635-1646.

2024

Kelly, J. W., Hayes, N. L., Doty, T. A., Gilbert, S. B., & Dorneich, M. C. (2024). Profiles of cybersickness symptoms. Displays, 85, 102853.
Sanaei, M., Gilbert, S. B., Javadpour, N., Sabouni, H., Dorneich, M. C., & Kelly, J. W. (2024). The correlations of scene complexity, workload, presence, and cybersickness in a task-based VR game. Proceedings of HCI International 2024.

2023

Cherep, L. A., Kelly, J. W., Miller, A. J., Lim, A. F., & Gilbert, S. B. (2023). Individual differences in teleporting through virtual environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 29(1), 111–123.
Creem-Regehr, S. H., Kelly, J. W., Bodenheimer, B., & Stefanucci, J. K. (in press). Virtual reality as a tool to understand spatial navigation. Encyclopedia of the Brain.
Doty, T. A., Kelly, J. W., Dorneich, M. C., & Gilbert, S. B. (2023). Does interpupillary distance (IPD) relate to immediate cybersickness? 2023 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW).
Jasper, A., Sepich, N. C., Gilbert, S. B., Kelly, J. W., Dorneich, M. C. (2023). Predicting cybersickness using individual and task characteristics. Computers in Human Behavior, 146: 107900.
Kelly, J. W. (2023). Distance perception in virtual reality: A meta-analysis of the effect of head-mounted display characteristics. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 12(9), 4978-4989.
Kelly, J. W., Gilbert, S. B., Dorneich, M. C., & Costabile, K. A. (2023). Gender differences in cybersickness: Clarifying confusion and identifying paths forward. 2023 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW).
Kelly, J. W., Powell, N., Hoover, M., & Gilbert S. B. (2023). Teleporting through virtual environments: Benefits of navigational feedback and practice. Virtual Reality, 27, 1315–1326.
Zhao, J., Riecke, B. E., Kelly, J. W., Stefanucci, J., & Klippel, A. (2023). Editorial: Human spatial perception, cognition, and behaviour in extended reality. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 4:1257230.

2022

Kelly, J. W., Doty, T. A., Ambourn, M. & Cherep, L. A. (2022). Distance perception in the Oculus Quest and Oculus Quest 2. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 3, 850471:1-7.
Kelly, J. W., Doty, T. A., Cherep, L. A., & Gilbert, S. B. (2022). Boundaries reduce disorientation in virtual reality. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 3, 882526:1-9.
Kelly, J. W., Hoover, M., Doty, T. A., Renner, A., Zimmerman, M., Knuth, K., Cherep, L. A., & Gilbert, S. B. (2022). Remote research on locomotion interfaces for virtual reality: Replication of a lab-based study on teleporting interfaces. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 28(5), 2037-2046.
Kelly, J. W., Lim, A. F., & Carpenter, S. C. (2022). Turn-by-turn route guidance does not impair route learning. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 11(1), 76-84.
Sepich, N. C., Jasper, A, Fieffer, S., Gilbert, S. B., Dorneich, M. C., & Kelly, J. W. (2022). The impact of task workload on cybersickness. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 3, 943409.

2021

Fauville, G., Queiroz, A.C.M., Woolsey, E.S., Kelly, J.W., & Bailenson, J.N. (2021). The effect of water immersion on vection in virtual reality. Scientific Reports, 11:1022, 1-13.
Gilbert, S. B., Jasper, A., Sepich, N. C., Doty, T., Kelly, J. W., & Dorneich, M. C. (2021). Individual Differences & Task Attention in Cybersickness: A Call for a Standardized Approach to Data Sharing. IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops: Workshop on Immersive Sickness Prevention (WISP), Virtual, 161-164.
Jasper, A., Doty, T., Sepich, N., Dorneich, M. C., Gilbert, S. B., & Kelly, J. W. (2021). The relationship between personality, recalled cybersickness severity, and recalled cybersickness recovery time. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2021 Annual Meeting, 206-210, Baltimore, MD.
Kalu, C. U., Gilbert, S. B., & Kelly, J. W. (2021). Translating Virtual Reality Research into Practice as a Way to Combat Misinformation: The DOVE Website. Proceedings of HCI International 2021. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1498. Springer, Cham.
Kelly, J. W., Cherep, L. A., Lim, A. F., Doty, T., & Gilbert, S. B. (2021). Who are virtual reality headset owners? A survey and comparison of headset owners and non-owners. 2021 IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), Virtual, 687-694.
Kelly, J. W. & Gilbert, S.B. (2021). The effectiveness of locomotion interfaces depends on self-motion cues, environmental cues, and the individual. IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops, Virtual, 391-392.
Kelly, J. W., Terrill, J., Zimmerman, M., Doty, T. A., Cherep, L. A., Hoover, M. T., Powell, N. R., Perrin, O. J., & Gilbert, S. B. (2021). Boundaries facilitate spatial orientation in virtual environments. ACM Symposium for Spatial User Interaction (SUI ’21), Online.

2020

Cherep, L.A., Lim, A.F., Kelly, J.W., Acharya, D., Velasco, A., Bustamante, E., Ostrander, A., & Gilbert, S.B. (2020). Spatial cognitive implications of teleporting through virtual environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 26(3), 480-492. *2020 Nickerson Award for best paper in the journal
Cherep, L.A., Lim, A.F., Kelly, J.W., Miller, A., & Gilbert, S.B. (2020). Individual differences in teleporting through virtual environments: A latent profile analysis. Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 725-726.
Kelly, J.W., Lim, A.F., Cherep, L.A., Ostrander, A., & Gilbert, S.B. (2020). Teleporting through virtual environments: Effects of path scale and environment scale on spatial updating. IEEE: Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 26(5), 1841-1850. *Best paper nominee
Lim, A.F., Kelly, J.W., Sepich, N., Cherep, L.A., Freed, G. & Gilbert, S.B. (2020). Rotational self-motion cues improve spatial learning when teleporting in virtual environments. SUI ’20: Symposium on Spatial User Interaction, 8:1–7.

2019

Kelly, J.W., Klesel, B.C., & Cherep, L.A. (2019). Visual stabilization of balance in virtual reality using the HTC Vive. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 16(2), 8:1-11.

2018

He, Q., McNamara, T.P., & Kelly, J.W. (2018). Reference frames in spatial updating when body-based cues are absent. Memory & Cognition, 46, 32-42.
Kelly, J. W., Cherep, L. A., Klesel, B., Siegel, Z. D., & George, S. (2018). Comparison of two methods for improving distance perception in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 15(2), 11:1-11.
Kelly, J.W., Costabile, K.A. & Cherep, L.A. (2018). Social effects on reference frame selection. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(6), 2339-2345.
Kelly, J.W., Siegel, Z.D., Sjolund, L.A., & Avraamides, M.N. (2018). Selection of macroreference frames in spatial memory. Memory & Cognition, 46, 1278-1286.
Sjolund, L.A., Kelly, J.W., & McNamara, T.P. (2018). Optimal combination of environmental cues and path integration during navigation. Memory & Cognition, 46, 89-99.
Zhou, N., Siegel, Z.D., Zarecor, S., Lee, N., Campbell, D.A., Andorf, C.M. Nettleton, D., Lawrence-Dill, C.J., Ganapathysubramanian, B., Kelly, J.W., & Friedberg, I. (2018). Crowdsourcing image analysis for plant phenomics to generate ground truth data for machine learning. PLOS Computational Biology, 14(7): e1006337.

2017

Chen, X., McNamara, T.P., Kelly, J.W., & Wolbers, T. (2017). Cue combination in human spatial navigation. Cognitive Psychology, 95, 105-144.
He, Q., McNamara, T.P., & Kelly, J.W. (2017). Environmental and idiothetic cues to reference frame selection in path integration. In T. Barkowsky, H. Burte, C. Hölscher, H. Schultheis (Eds.), Spatial Cognition X: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10523 (pp. 137-156). Springer.
Kelly, J.W., Cherep, L.A., & Siegel, Z.D. (2017). Perceived space in the HTC Vive. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 15(1), 2:1-16.
Siegel, Z.D. & Kelly, J.W. (2017). Walking through a virtual environment improves perceived size within and beyond the walked space. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 79(1), 39-44. Supplementary material
Siegel, Z.D., Kelly, J.W., & Cherep, L.A. (2017). Rescaling of perceived space transfers across virtual environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 43(10), 1805-1814.

2016

Pantelides, S.N., Avraamides, M.N., & Kelly, J.W. (2016). Integration of spatial information across vision and language. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 28(2), 171-185.

2015

Chen, X., He, Q., Kelly, J.W., Fiete, I.R., McNamara, T.P. (2015). Bias in human path integration is predicted by properties of grid cells. Current Biology, 25(13), 1771-1776.
Curtis, M. K., Dawson, K., Jackson, K., Litwin, L., Meusel, C., Dorneich, M.C., Gilbert, S. B., Kelly, J. W., Stone, R., Winer, E. (2015). Mitigating visually induced motion sickness: A virtual hand-eye coordination task. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 1839-1843.
Kelly, J.W., Carpenter, S.K., & Sjolund, L.A. (2015). Retrieval enhances route knowledge acquisition, but only when movement errors are prevented. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 41(5), 1540-1547.
Kelly, J.W., Hammel, W., Sjolund, L.A., & Siegel, Z.D. (2015). Frontal extents in virtual environments are not immune to underperception. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 77, 1848-1853.

2014

Adamou, C., Avraamides, M.N. & Kelly, J.W. (2014). Integration of visuo-spatial information encoded from different viewpoints. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21(3), 659-665.
Avraamides, M.N., Sarrou, M. & Kelly, J.W. (2014). Cross-sensory reference frame transfer in spatial memory: the case of proprioceptive learning. Memory & Cognition, 42, 496-507.
Casallas, J.S., Oliver, J., Kelly, J.W., Merienne, F. & Garbaya, S. (2014). Using relative head and hand–target features to predict intention in 3D moving-target selection. Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality, 51-56.
Kelly, J.W., Hammel, W., Siegel, Z.D., & Sjolund, L.A. (2014). Recalibration of perceived distance in virtual reality occurs rapidly and transfers asymmetrically across scale. IEEE Transactions on Visualization & Computer Graphics, 22, 588-595.
Marsh, W.E., Kelly, J.W., Dickerson, J., & Oliver, J.H. (2014). Fuzzy navigation engine: Mitigating the cognitive demands of semi-natural locomotion. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 23(3), 300-319.
Sjolund, L.A., Erdman, M., & Kelly, J.W. (2014). Collaborative inhibition in spatial memory retrieval. Memory & Cognition, 42(6), 876-885.

2013

Casallas, J.S., Oliver, J., Kelly, J.W., Merienne, F. & Garbaya, S. (2013). Towards a model for predicting user intention in 3D moving-target selection tasks. In D. Harris (Ed.), Proceedings of HCI International: Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 8019 (pp. 13–22). Berlin: Springer.
Gilbert, S., Civitate, A., Kelly, J.W., Thompson, F., Smith, A., Kopecky, K., Winer, E., & de la Cruz, J. (2013). Comparing training performance with vibrotactile hit alerts versus audio alerts. Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference.
Greenauer, N., Mello, C., Kelly, J.W. & Avraamides, M.N. (2013). Integrating spatial information across experiences. Psychological Research, 77(5), 540-554.
Kelly, J.W., Burton, M., Pollock, B., Rubio, E., Curtis, M., de la Cruz, J., Gilbert, S., & Winer, E. (2013). Space perception in virtual environments: Displacement from the center of projection causes less distortion than predicted by cue-based models. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 10(4), 18:1-23.
Kelly, J.W., Donaldson, L.S., Sjolund, L.A., & Freiberg, J.B. (2013). More than just perception-action recalibration: Walking through a virtual environment causes rescaling of perceived space. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 75, 1473-1485.
Kelly, J.W., Sjolund, L.A. & Sturz, B.R. (2013). Geometric cues, reference frames, and the equivalence of experienced-aligned and novel-aligned views in human spatial memory. Cognition, 126, 459-474.
Kelly, J.W., Winer, E., Gilbert, S., Curtis, M., Rubio, E., Kopecky, K, Holub, J., & de la Cruz, J. (2013). Assessing multiple participant view positioning in virtual reality-based training. Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference.
Marsh, W.E., Kelly, J.W., Dark, V.J., Oliver, J.H. (2013). Cognitive demands of semi-natural virtual locomotion. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 22, 216-234.

2012

Avraamides, M.N., Adamou, C., Galati, A. & Kelly, J.W. (2012). Integration of spatial relations across perceptual experiences. In C. Stachniss, K. Schill, D. Uttal (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence: Spatial Cognition VIII (pp. 416-430). Berlin: Springer.
Boonsuk, W., Gilbert, S.B. & Kelly, J.W. (2012). The impact of three interfaces for 360-degree video on spatial cognition. CHI 2012, Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2579-2588).
Burton, M.B., Pollock, B.B., Kelly, J.W., Gilbert, S.B., Winer, E. & de la Cruz, J. (2012). Diagnosing perceptual distortion present in group stereoscopic viewing. Proceedings of the SPIE 8291, 82910P.
Carpenter, S.K. & Kelly, J.W. (2012). Tests enhance retention and transfer of spatial learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19(3), 443-448.
Gilbert, S.B., Boonsuk, W. & Kelly, J.W. (2012). Virtual displays for 360-degree video. Proceedings of the SPIE, 8291, 82911L.
Marsh, W.E., Kelly, J.W., Dark, V.J., Oliver, J.H. (2012). The cognitive implications of virtual locomotion with a restricted field of view. Proceedings of the SPIE, 8289, 82890I.
Marsh, W.E., Putnam, M., Kelly, J.W., Dark, V.J. & Oliver, J. (2012). The cognitive implications of semi-natural virtual locomotion. Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality 2012 (pp. 47-50).
Pollock, B., Burton, M., Kelly, J.W., Gilbert, S. & Winer, E. (2012). The right view from the wrong location: Depth perception in stereoscopic multi-user virtual environments. IEEE Transactions on Visualization & Computer Graphics, 18(4), 581-588.

2011

Kelly, J.W. (2011). Head for the hills: The influence of environmental slant on spatial memory organization. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 774-780.
Kelly, J.W. & Avraamides, M.N. (2011). Cross-sensory transfer of reference frames in spatial memory. Cognition, 118, 444-450.
Kelly, J.W., Avraamides, M.N. & Giudice, N.A. (2011). Haptic experiences influence visually-acquired memories: Reference frames during multimodal spatial learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 1119-1125.
Marsh, W.E., Kelly, J.W., Dark, V.J. & Oliver, J. (2011). Assessing the use of cognitive resources in virtual reality. In S. Constantine (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science, Proceedings of HCI International 2011, Volume 174 (pp. 120-124). Berlin: Springer.

2010

Avraamides, M.N. & Kelly, J.W. (2010). Multiple systems of spatial memory: Evidence from described scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 36(3), 635-645.
Kelly, J.W., Avraamides, M.N. & McNamara, T.P. (2010). Reference frames influence spatial memory development within and across sensory modalities. In C. Holscher, T.F. Shipley, M.O. Belardinelli, J.A. Bateman, N.S. Newcombe (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence: Spatial Cognition VII (pp. 222-233). Berlin: Springer.
Kelly, J.W. & McNamara, T.P. (2010). Reference frames during the acquisition and development of spatial memories. Cognition, 116(3), 409-420.

2009

Kelly, J.W. & McNamara, T.P. (2009). Facilitated pointing to remembered objects in front: Evidence for egocentric retrieval or spatial priming? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(2), 295-300.
Kelly, J.W. & McNamara, T.P. (2009). Spatial memory. In B. Goldstein (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Perception (pp. 916-918). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Kelly, J.W., McNamara, T.P., Bodenheimer, B., Carr, T.H. & Rieser, J.J. (2009). Individual differences in using geometric and featural cues to maintain spatial orientation: Cue quantity and cue ambiguity are more important than cue type. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(1), 176-181.

2008

Avraamides, M.N. & Kelly, J.W. (2008). Multiple systems of spatial memory and action. Cognitive Processing, 9, 93-106.
Kelly, J.W. & McNamara, T.P. (2008). Response mode differences in perspective taking: Differences in representation or differences in retrieval? Memory & Cognition, 36(4), 863-872.
Kelly, J.W. & McNamara, T.P. (2008). Spatial memories of virtual environments: How egocentric experience, intrinsic structure, and extrinsic structure interact. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(2), 322-327.
Kelly, J.W. & McNamara, T.P. (2008). Spatial memory and spatial orientation. In C. Freksa, N.S. Newcombe, P. Gardenfors, S. Wolfl (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence: Spatial Cognition VI: Learning, Reasoning, and Talking about Space (pp. 22-38). Berlin: Springer.
Kelly, J.W., McNamara, T.P., Bodenheimer, B., Carr, T.H. & Rieser, J.J. (2008). The shape of human navigation: How environmental geometry is used in the maintenance of spatial orientation. Cognition, 109, 281-286.
Kelly, J.W., Riecke, B., Loomis, J.M. & Beall, A.C. (2008). Visual control of posture in real and virtual environments. Perception & Psychophysics, 70(1), 158-165.
Loomis, J.M., Kelly, J.W., Pusch, M., Bailenson, J.N. & Beall, A.C. (2008). Psychophysics of perceiving eye-gaze and head direction with peripheral vision: Implications for the dynamics of eye-gaze behavior. Perception, 37(9), 1443-1457.

2007

Kelly, J.W., Avraamides, M.N. & Loomis, J.M. (2007). Sensorimotor alignment effects in the learning environment and in novel environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 33(6), 1092-1107.
Macuga, K.L., Beall, A.C., Kelly, J.W., Smith, R., & Loomis, J.M. (2007). Changing lanes: Inertial cues and explicit path information facilitate steering performance when visual feedback is removed. Experimental Brain Research, 178(2), 141-160.
Zahorik, P. & Kelly, J.W. (2007). Accurate vocal compensation for sound intensity loss with increasing distance in natural environments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 122(5), EL143-EL150.

2006

Kelly, J.W., Loomis, J.M., Beall, A.C., Smith, R.S., & Macuga, K.L. (2006). Simultaneous measurement of steering performance and perceived heading on a curving path. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 3(2), 83-94.
Loomis, J.M., Beall, A.C., Macuga, K.L., Kelly, J.W., & Smith, R.S. (2006). Visual control of action without retinal optic flow. Psychological Science, 17(3), 214-221.
Macuga, K.L., Loomis, J.M., Beall, A.C., & Kelly, J.W. (2006). Perception of heading without retinal optic flow. Perception & Psychophysics, 68(5), 872-878.

2005

Avraamides, M.N. & Kelly, J.W. (2005). Imagined perspective-changing within and across novel environments. In C. Freksa, B. Nebel, M. Knauff, B. Krieg-Brückner (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence: Spatial Cognition IV, Reasoning, Action, Interaction (pp. 245-258). Berlin: Springer.
Kelly, J.W., Loomis, J.M., & Beall, A.C. (2005). The importance of perceived relative motion in the control of posture. Experimental Brain Research, 161(3), 285-292.
Loomis, J.M., Beall, A.C., Kelly, J.W., & Macuga, K.L. (2005). Importance of perceptual representation in the visual control of action. In B.E. Rogowitz, T.N. Pappas, S.J. Daly (Eds.), Human Vision and Electronic Imaging X, Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 5666 (pp. 356-361).

2004

Kelly, J.W., Loomis, J.M., & Beall, A.C. (2004). Judgments of exocentric direction in large-scale space. Perception 33, 443-454.
Kelly, J.W., Beall, A.C., & Loomis, J.M. (2004). Perception of shared visual space: Establishing common ground in real and virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 13(4), 442-450.